Applied Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology

Rutin as a Potential Multi-Target Agent for Diabetic Wound Healing: A Molecular Docking Study on AKR1B1, COX-2, and MMP-9

2026-01-18T12:57:19+07:00

Diabetic wound healing is hindered by the interplay of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and excessive extracellular matrix degradation, which collectively delay tissue repair. Conventional treatments often address only single pathological pathways, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the multitarget potential of rutin, a natural flavonoid, against key proteins implicated in diabetic wound pathology, such as aldose reductase (AKR1B1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) using molecular docking analysis. The three-dimensional structures of rutin and the target proteins were obtained from the PubChem and Protein Data Bank databases, respectively, and docking simulations were performed using Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0. Rutin exhibited favorable binding affinities toward all targets, with the strongest predicted interaction observed for COX-2 (MolDock score −184.339), followed by AKR1B1 (−169.803) and MMP-9 (−160.330). Hydrogen bond analysis indicated significant contributions to complex stability, particularly for COX-2 and MMP-9. These findings suggest that rutin may modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling simultaneously. Overall, rutin demonstrates promising multitarget potential for diabetic wound healing, warranting further validation through molecular dynamics and experimental studies.

A Study on Healthcare Delivery, Reproductive Health Rights, Informed Consent, Legal Relationship between Hospitals-Patients-Healthcare Professionals, and the Impact of the New Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code

2026-02-06T19:05:17+07:00

This research analyzes legal protection in health services in Indonesia following the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health. Using a normative juridical approach and descriptive-analytical methods, the study discusses holistic health organization, reproductive health rights (including therapeutic abortion exemptions for victims of sexual violence), stricter informed consent for medical procedures, legal relationships between hospitals, patients, and medical personnel with shared responsibilities, and criminal implications from the new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) and the new Criminal Procedure Code effective from 2026. The findings indicate that the 2023 Health Law strengthens patient rights and healthcare accountability through comprehensive regulations, although challenges such as varying interpretations of the regulations, risks of medical litigation, and potential bureaucratization remain obstacles. This regulation aligns with Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, but requires ongoing education, clear implementing regulations, and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to achieve balanced and effective legal protection.

Isolation and Qualitative Test of Piperine from Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Methanol Extract

2026-02-09T15:39:04+07:00

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a spice commodity rich in alkaloids, in the form of piperine which gives a spicy taste and has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study aims to isolate and perform qualitative validation of piperine compounds from black pepper fruit methanol extract through a series of phytochemical stages. Soxhlet extraction using methanol solvent yielded a viscous extract with a 10.3% yield. Furthermore, piperine separation was carried out by adding a 10% KOH solution in methanol to neutralize fatty acid and resin impurities, allowing neutral piperine to be separated. The purification stage through crystallization, washed with cold methanol, resulted in an isolate in the form of yellow needle-shaped crystals with a yield of 0.22%. Through phytochemical screening, the crystal was found to contain alkaloids because it gave a positive reaction to Mayer, Dragendorff, and Bouchardat reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis showed a single spot with an Rf value of 0.74, in accordance with literature standards. More specific identification using UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed maximum absorption at a wavelength of 342 nm, and melting point test results at 129.9°C matched literature values, confirming the purity of the piperine isolate. Therefore, the overall procedures proved effective for piperine isolation.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method for the Extraction of Quercetin from Malus domestica

2026-02-18T16:19:01+07:00

This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of quercetin from Malus domestica (red apples) using central composite design, targeting ethanol-in-water concentration (41.7–98.3%) and sonication time (8.8–51.2 min). Quercetin was quantified by UV-Vis at 372 nm, with response surface methodology yielding a significant quadratic model (p<0.05). Higher ethanol concentrations coupled with shorter sonication durations maximized quercetin extraction yields, as confirmed by ANOVA with the most influential factor was ethanol concentration (F = 38.14).

Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds from Saga (Abrus Precatorius) Leaf Extract

2026-02-17T15:35:31+07:00

Saga leaves (Abrus precatorius L.) are traditional medicinal plants known to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids that exhibit bioactive properties such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, information regarding the isolation and characterization of flavonoid compounds from saga leaves remains limited. This study aimed to isolate and identify flavonoid compounds present in saga leaves as a basis for the development of natural materials with pharmaceutical potential. The methods employed included extraction using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) with a methanol:water (9:1) solvent system, followed by phytochemical screening, liquid–liquid fractionation, column chromatography, and preparative thin-layer chromatography. Compound identification was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, along with melting point determination to evaluate the physical characteristics of the isolate. The results showed that UAE extraction produced a yield of 4.68%, and phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction was obtained as the target fraction with a yield of 15.4%. Purification using column chromatography and preparative TLC yielded a flavonoid isolate that exhibited a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 282 nm and a melting point of approximately 127°C. These results indicate that the isolated compound possesses flavonoid characteristics with a moderate level of purity. This study concludes that saga leaves have potential as a natural source of flavonoid compounds that can be further developed in the pharmaceutical and health fields.